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21.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is a natural dye-sensitizer habitually present in natural waters. Effects of riboflavin as photosensitizer on the transformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (10 microM) in the aqueous-organic solvent (water/acetonitrile/methanol 50/40/10) were investigated in this study. The photolysis half life of BaP in solution containing 50 microM riboflavin was 5 min, compared to 98 min in the absence of riboflavin. The rate of phototransformation of BaP increased as the concentration of riboflavin was raised from 10 microM to 100 microM under both natural sunlight and UVA irradiation. The half life of BaP in the presence of 50 microM riboflavin was 10.6 min and 43.1 min when exposed to visible range of natural sunlight and UVA irradiation respectively. Riboflavin decomposes under natural sunlight. Lumichrome, a principal photoproduct of riboflavin, was shown to photosensitize BaP under natural sunlight after photolysis of riboflavin. Our study indicated that other photoproducts from riboflavin, such as lumiflavin, were also involved in the phototransformation of BaP under sunlight when riboflavin diminished. The major photoproducts in the photolysis of BaP were identified as 1,6-benzo[a]pyrene-dione, 3,6-benzo[a]pyrene-dione, 6,12-benzo[a]pyrene-dione by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All these products were detected in the samples which were irradiated under different light sources and in the presence or absence of riboflavin. The possible phototransformation mechanism was discussed. 相似文献
22.
This study investigated geochemical characteristics of the acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the abandoned mine adits in the vicinity of the Dogye coal mine in Korea. Acid mine drainage discharged from Jeoncha pit adit of the Dogye coal mine, which is the main source of the AMD in the study area, had a pH value of 3.0 and concentrations of 2148mg SO4
2– L–1, 229mg Fe L–1, 71mg A1 L–1 and 11mg Mn L–1. The reduction of some metal concentrations downstream from the discharge point could be explained on the basis of dilution and precipitation. The order of removal of metal ions downstream from the discharge point was Fe>A1, Cu>Zn, Mn. Acidity could be used as a good determining factor offering comprehensive and quantitative values for the polluting extent of acid mine drainage. The acidities existing in all acidic water samples in the Gunahan district originated primarily from mineral acidity, especially in the upper Nahan Creek from dissolved Fe and Al and in the middle and down Nahan Creek from dissolved Al. From the application of the WATEQ4F program, it was determined that predominant species of dissolved Fe in all water samples was Fe2+, and those of dissolved Al were AlSO4
+ and Al3+ except for IW2 sample which was associated with white precipitates. The species of dissolved Al in IW2 sample include also AlOH2+ and Al(OH)2
+. The saturation indices of goethite and haematite were positive in the water samples associated with ochrous precipitates (usually called Yellow Boy), therefore these solids might be precipitated. For the IW2 sample, the saturation indices of amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite were positive, so theoretically these solids might also be precipitated. By XRD analysis, it was found that goethite occurs in ochrous precipitates, and gibbsite in white precipitates. 相似文献
23.
Juntaek LIM Seung Gu SHIN Seungyong LEE Seokhwan HWANG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2011,5(1):28-39
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has gained popularity as a technique to detect and quantify a specific group of target microorganisms from various environmental samples including soil, water, sediments, and sludge. Although qPCR is a very useful technique for nucleic acid quantification, accurately quantifying the target microbial group strongly depends on the quality of the primer and probe used. Many aspects of conducting qPCR assays have become increasingly routine and automated; however, one of the most important aspects, designing and selecting primer and probe sets, is often a somewhat arcane process. In many cases, failed or non-specific amplification can be attributed to improperly designed primer-probe sets. This paper is intended to provide guidelines and general principles for designing group-specific primers and probes for qPCR assays. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these guidelines by reviewing the use of qPCR to study anaerobic processes and biologic nutrient removal processes. qPCR assays using group-specific primers and probes designed with this method, have been used to successfully quantify 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (16S rRNA) gene copy numbers from target methanogenic and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in various laboratory- and full-scale biologic processes. Researchers with a good command of primer and probe design can use qPCR as a valuable tool to study biodiversity and to develop more efficient control strategies for biologic processes. 相似文献
24.
Acquisition of mycotic keratitis has been linked to agricultural activities. Although fungi were identified in injured eyes, data derived directly from farmlands are limited. Following five cases of fungal corneal ulcers in onion harvesters in the monsoon area of Taiwan, the present study further determined fungi genera and their concentrations in onion crops and surface soils of onion farmlands. In total, 52, 100 and 100 samples of soils, onion leaves and bulb scales, respectively, were collected from three monsoon and one non-monsoon farmlands. Fungal colonies were counted and microscopically examined after incubation at 25°C for 4–7 days on malt extract agar with 40?g?mL?1 chloramphenicol. Results showed the peak fungi levels were mostly observed at harvest time. Among keratitis-related fungi, Aspergillus predominated in soils as well as in onion bulb scales, while Alternaria in onion leaves. Cladosporium was also prevalent in soils, onion leaves and scales. Other keratitis-related fungi included Acremonium, Curvalaria, Fusarium, Mycelia, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia and Rhizopus. The present study provides an exposure link between onion harvesters and presence of keratitis-related fungi from onion crops and soils, which may account for mycotic ocular infection via hand-to-eye contact and airborne transmission during the monsoon season. 相似文献
25.
Hwang SJ Kim HS Park JH Kim BH 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2010,31(4):483-488
We compared filtering rates (FR) and mortalities between freshwater filter-feeding bivalve Corbicula leana acclimatized (AM) and non-acclimatized (NAM) to an cyanobacterial bloom (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa) over seven days. Both mussel populations were simultaneously stocked into mesocosms constructed in littoral zones of a eutrophic lake at a density of 740 ind. m(-2) for 16 days. NAMs decreased the concentration of chlorophyll-a 50% less than AMs. For the first seven days, the FRs (0.46-0.61) and mortality rate (slope = -30.2, r = -0.95) of NAMs were higher than those of AMs, possibly due to a sudden increase in unselective filtering. From the eighth day NAM mortality decreased rapidly and then stabilized, becoming similar to that of AMs through the end of the experiment. Stocking both AMs and NAMs increased the NH4-N concentration in the water, and the mortality rates of both mussel populations were correlated with NH4-N. In contrast, other nutrients and microcystin concentrations were not significantly associated with mussel mortality. These results indicate that although a sudden introduction of non-acclimatized C. leana may partially control phytoplankton biomass fora short period, previous short-term acclimatization is needed to minimize mussel mortality. 相似文献
26.
Chiang CT Chang TK Hwang YH Su CC Tsai KY Yuan TH Lian IeB 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(5):469-476
The growing incidence of oral cancer (OC) in Taiwan has become a crucial public health concern. In particular, Changhua, a
county in central Taiwan, carries persistently high OC incidence rate, with an alarmingly high male/female ratio of OC incidence.
Previous epidemiological studies had found that the incidence is spatially correlated with the level of soil content to certain
heavy metals in the central Taiwan area. Soil and the human body both intake environmental heavy metals, which can be absorbed
through various ways. The soil metal concentration is an index of possible environmental exposure to heavy metal, and the
blood metal concentration somewhat reflects the level of the exposure on the human body. Metallic carcinogen is likely to
generate free radicals and play a role in many cancers, and many studies had reported that environmental exposure to heavy
metals is an important risk factor for developing cancer. Studies on animals showed that chronic intake of chromium (Cr) could
induce OC. This study aims to explore the association between the Cr concentration in the farm soil and in the blood of OC
patients. We recruited 79 OC patients from Changhua County, with their lifestyle being adjusted in regression analysis. The
results showed that the Cr concentration in the blood of OC patients is significantly higher than the background value, and
is positively associated with the Cr concentration in the soil surrounding their residence (p-value < 0.023). Because Changhua County is only with moderate prevalence of the known OC habitual risk factors, an environmental
factor related to heavy metal Cr exposure is suspected. Future investigations may verify the causal relation between Cr and
OC. 相似文献
27.
Effects of oceanic and terrestrial sediment suspensions on the behavioral traits activity, colony expansion, and mucus formation
of the gorgonian octocoral Subergorgia suberosa (Pallas, 1766) were studied in the laboratory. Increased sediment concentration significantly changed the logits of activity
indices (as colony expansion) and was correlated with decreased activity. For both sources of sediments, the activity index
decreased as the concentration of sediment increased. The level of decrease was more significance for terrestrial sediments.
The activity index showed no clear time pattern for the control group, but a decrease over time occurred in both sediment
treatment groups. Activity change was linearly correlated with exposure time and concentration of terrestrial and ocean sediments.
The activity indices of polyps were negatively correlated with the formation of mucus sheets (correlation = −0.536, p = 0.048). For both sources of sediments, the frequency of mucus sheet formation (MSF) increased with sediment concentration.
Increases in terrestrial sediment loads resulted in more striking effects. The probability for MSF under different sediment
groups at different concentrations over time was modeled by regressions. Frequency of polyp activity is suggested as a suitable
biomarker to monitor the effects of sedimentation stress. 相似文献
28.
Allan Gomez-Flores Gukhwa Hwang Sadia Ilyas Hyunjung Kim 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(3):31
29.
Tae Won Lee Michael J. Miller Hak Bin Hwang Sam Wouthuyzen Katsumi Tsukamoto 《Marine Biology》2008,153(3):285-295
Leptocephali of the widely distributed tropical marine eels of the genus Kaupichthys (family Chlopsidae) were collected around Sulawesi Island during a sampling survey in the Indonesian Seas in late September
and early October 2002, and the otolith microstructure of 24 of the 59 specimens captured was examined to learn about the
larval growth rates and spawning times of these small sized eels. Leptocephali ranging in size from 25 to 60 mm were collected
in Makassar Strait and the Celebes Sea, but they were most abundant in the semi-enclosed Tomini Bay of northeast Sulawesi
Island. The Kaupichthys leptocephali examined had 39–161 otolith growth increments. Their back-calculated hatching dates indicated that five age
groups were present and each group appeared to have been spawned around the full moon of previous months. Average growth rate
estimates of the first two age groups were 0.65 and 0.54 mm/day for the 27.4–30.4 and 37.6–45.6 mm age classes. The growth
rates of the oldest three age groups (52.0–60.8 mm) appeared to have slowed down after they reached their approximate maximum
size. An increase in increment widths at the outer margin of the otoliths of those larger than 53 mm suggested that the process
of metamorphosis had begun even though there were few external morphological changes indicating metamorphosis. It is hypothesized
that chlopsid leptocephali have an unusually short gut that may not need to move forward during early metamorphosis. The presence
of four age classes in Tomini Bay suggests that the Togian Islands region may be productive habitats for Kaupichthys juveniles and adults. 相似文献
30.
Gael Dur Sami Souissi David Devreker Vincent Ginot François G. Schmitt Jiang-Shiou Hwang 《Ecological modelling》2009
Limited empirical studies have elucidated the daily egg production and associated reproductive processes of egg bearing copepod. Herein, we present an individual-based model which constitutes a realistic representation of the reproduction in egg bearing copepods. The model has been parameterized using an extensive set of experimental data obtained from the literature and from the laboratory and field experiments on the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. The proposed model takes into account the adult female longevity, the clutch size and interclutch duration, which is a function of egg maturation time and latency time required by the female after egg hatching to produce a new clutch. The embryonic development time and hatching success are also taken into account. The effect of temperature on the means and variances of above-mentioned reproductive parameters has been also incorporated. A multi agent system based generic platform “Mobidyc” has been used to generate and calibrate the model. The model demonstrates the reproductive parameters of females of E. affinis which is validated through individual based experiments. Temperature specific simulations provide a dynamical explanation of temperature effect on the cumulative egg production. The daily survival principally affects the number of clutches produced per female during its life span. The results obtained in the present study by combining temperature and survival effects reveal the relatively greater importance of the first factor on the daily egg production of egg-carrying copepods. The present model is generic and hence easily applicable to other animals with comparable reproductive strategy. 相似文献